Skip to content
  • Categories
  • Recent
  • Tags
  • Popular
  • World
  • Users
  • Groups
Skins
  • Light
  • Cerulean
  • Cosmo
  • Flatly
  • Journal
  • Litera
  • Lumen
  • Lux
  • Materia
  • Minty
  • Morph
  • Pulse
  • Sandstone
  • Simplex
  • Sketchy
  • Spacelab
  • United
  • Yeti
  • Zephyr
  • Dark
  • Cyborg
  • Darkly
  • Quartz
  • Slate
  • Solar
  • Superhero
  • Vapor

  • Default (No Skin)
  • No Skin
Collapse
Code Project
CODE PROJECT For Those Who Code
  • Home
  • Articles
  • FAQ
Community
  1. Home
  2. Other Discussions
  3. The Back Room
  4. Evolution works in mysterious ways

Evolution works in mysterious ways

Scheduled Pinned Locked Moved The Back Room
htmlcomannouncement
286 Posts 22 Posters 27.8k Views 1 Watching
  • Oldest to Newest
  • Newest to Oldest
  • Most Votes
Reply
  • Reply as topic
Log in to reply
This topic has been deleted. Only users with topic management privileges can see it.
  • O Oakman

    Arguably the oddest beast in nature's menagerie, the platypus looks as if were assembled from spare parts left over after the animal kingdom was otherwise complete. Apparently the platypus split off from a common ancestor with humans 170 million years ago.

    Jon Smith & Wesson: The original point and click interface

    C Offline
    C Offline
    Christian Graus
    wrote on last edited by
    #21

    I'm curious to know if platypus DNA proves evolution to anyone who doesn't already believe in evolution ?

    Christian Graus Please read this if you don't understand the answer I've given you "also I don't think "TranslateOneToTwoBillion OneHundredAndFortySevenMillion FourHundredAndEightyThreeThousand SixHundredAndFortySeven()" is a very good choice for a function name" - SpacixOne ( offering help to someone who really needed it ) ( spaces added for the benefit of people running at < 1280x1024 )

    M O 2 Replies Last reply
    0
    • S soap brain

      I can see two immediate problems with what you're saying: I) Your definition of 'de-evolution', I think, actually IS evolution, albeit a sketchily defined one. Who says that evolution necessarily leads to the ability to survive a rapid change in the environment? The dodo was very well adapted to its little island, but then humans came and buggered them over and now they're all dead. It happens. II) You're probably falling into a common trap of equating entropy with disorder. In fact, your definition of 'disorder' is probably just what you find 'aesthetically displeasing'. Entropy is the measure of the unavailability of a closed system's energy to do work, and the 2nd law of thermodynamics says that it increases over time until it reaches equilibrium. The fact is, organisms CAN decrease their entropy because the Earth isn't a closed system - it includes the Sun. The law refers to the overall entropy, and although the organisms can seemingly defy it, the Sun more than makes up for it in how much energy it gives off.

      Drawing on my fine command of language, I said nothing.

      M Offline
      M Offline
      Matthew Faithfull
      wrote on last edited by
      #22

      Ravel H. Joyce wrote:

      Your definition of 'de-evolution', I think, actually IS evolution

      That's part of the problem but can easily be solved because it is clearly impossible by this mechanism to evolve a mammal from a bacterium. You cannot do that by loosing information, by specializing, or what is known as 'natural slection'. No mechanism == impossible. Evolution was proposed as an explanation for the existence of observed species, not as some para-theoretical self validating mental framework. It fails to provide the explanation and is therefore so much historical junk science.

      Ravel H. Joyce wrote:

      You're probably falling into a common trap of equating entropy with disorder

      No I'm not, I'm equating information entropy with energy entropy, the rules are same. The unavailability of a genomes information to do work increases over time until it reaches equilibrium. The law refers to a population overall and over time not any specific individual. There is no equivalent of the Sun, no external highly ordered or highly powered source from which to derive function which maintaining the second law.

      "The secret of happiness is freedom, and the secret of freedom, courage." Thucydides (B.C. 460-400)

      S 1 Reply Last reply
      0
      • O Oakman

        Ravel H. Joyce wrote:

        I think, actually IS evolution

        Of course it is. Evolution is a word that describes genetic changes in a species. Only the un- and ill- informed think that it implies moving from lower to higher or vice versa.

        Jon Smith & Wesson: The original point and click interface

        M Offline
        M Offline
        Matthew Faithfull
        wrote on last edited by
        #23

        Oakman wrote:

        Evolution is a word that describes genetic changes in a species.

        :laugh: Is that the 4th or 5th redefinition since it was proposed as an explanation for the existence of observed species, higher and lower. If what you say is correct then it has become meaningless and all conclusions based on said 'theory' are invalid. As I said, junk science.

        "The secret of happiness is freedom, and the secret of freedom, courage." Thucydides (B.C. 460-400)

        O 1 Reply Last reply
        0
        • M Matthew Faithfull

          Ravel H. Joyce wrote:

          Have any reason for saying so

          Yes but probably not one you'd accept. We've been around this debate before, I dismiss evolution as the pile of crap it is. Zepp and others loose their rag and post streams of unsubstantiated random abuse, I laugh, you post links to lots of evidence for de-evolution misdiagnosed as evidence for evolution, proving my point but not seeing it and everyone goes away none the wiser. I can only suggest that you look for yourself, you're more capable than me in math and shouldn't have any problem demoshing the paper thin arguments of idiots like Richard Dawkins. The more you look the less evolution and more de-evolution you will see.

          "The secret of happiness is freedom, and the secret of freedom, courage." Thucydides (B.C. 460-400)

          7 Offline
          7 Offline
          73Zeppelin
          wrote on last edited by
          #24

          Matthew Faithfull wrote:

          Zepp and others loose their rag and post streams of unsubstantiated random abuse,

          Stuff it, you tool! :laugh:

          Matthew Faithfull wrote:

          Yes but probably not one you'd accept. We've been around this debate before, I dismiss evolution as the pile of crap it is. Zepp and others loose their rag and post streams of unsubstantiated random abuse, I laugh, you post links to lots of evidence for de-evolution misdiagnosed as evidence for evolution, proving my point but not seeing it and everyone goes away none the wiser. I can only suggest that you look for yourself, you're more capable than me in math and shouldn't have any problem demoshing the paper thin arguments of idiots like Richard Dawkins. The more you look the less evolution and more de-evolution you will see.

          You're so crazy it's, well, crazy!

          O 1 Reply Last reply
          0
          • C Christian Graus

            I'm curious to know if platypus DNA proves evolution to anyone who doesn't already believe in evolution ?

            Christian Graus Please read this if you don't understand the answer I've given you "also I don't think "TranslateOneToTwoBillion OneHundredAndFortySevenMillion FourHundredAndEightyThreeThousand SixHundredAndFortySeven()" is a very good choice for a function name" - SpacixOne ( offering help to someone who really needed it ) ( spaces added for the benefit of people running at < 1280x1024 )

            M Offline
            M Offline
            Matthew Faithfull
            wrote on last edited by
            #25

            Anyone capable of drawing reasoned conclusions from analysing platypus DNA would surely be smart enough to realize that you cannot 'prove' anything scientifically, only falsify propositions. If you mean really mean 'convince' then no, evolution is no more capable of explaining platypus DNA than it is of explaining mouse DNA so it wouldn't convince anyone but a dupe.

            "The secret of happiness is freedom, and the secret of freedom, courage." Thucydides (B.C. 460-400)

            1 Reply Last reply
            0
            • M Matthew Faithfull

              Oakman wrote:

              Evolution is a word that describes genetic changes in a species.

              :laugh: Is that the 4th or 5th redefinition since it was proposed as an explanation for the existence of observed species, higher and lower. If what you say is correct then it has become meaningless and all conclusions based on said 'theory' are invalid. As I said, junk science.

              "The secret of happiness is freedom, and the secret of freedom, courage." Thucydides (B.C. 460-400)

              O Offline
              O Offline
              Oakman
              wrote on last edited by
              #26

              Matthew Faithfull wrote:

              If what you say is correct then it has become meaningless and all conclusions based on said 'theory' are invalid.

              Because you and your creationist friends have consistently misunderstood the Theory of Evolution (or worse, consistently misrepresented it, lying in the name of your god) does not mean that evolutionary biologists are responsible for your lack of understanding or explaining to you how you became deluded. You dug yourself into the hole, it is up to you to get out.

              Jon Smith & Wesson: The original point and click interface

              M 1 Reply Last reply
              0
              • M Matthew Faithfull

                Ravel H. Joyce wrote:

                Your definition of 'de-evolution', I think, actually IS evolution

                That's part of the problem but can easily be solved because it is clearly impossible by this mechanism to evolve a mammal from a bacterium. You cannot do that by loosing information, by specializing, or what is known as 'natural slection'. No mechanism == impossible. Evolution was proposed as an explanation for the existence of observed species, not as some para-theoretical self validating mental framework. It fails to provide the explanation and is therefore so much historical junk science.

                Ravel H. Joyce wrote:

                You're probably falling into a common trap of equating entropy with disorder

                No I'm not, I'm equating information entropy with energy entropy, the rules are same. The unavailability of a genomes information to do work increases over time until it reaches equilibrium. The law refers to a population overall and over time not any specific individual. There is no equivalent of the Sun, no external highly ordered or highly powered source from which to derive function which maintaining the second law.

                "The secret of happiness is freedom, and the secret of freedom, courage." Thucydides (B.C. 460-400)

                S Offline
                S Offline
                soap brain
                wrote on last edited by
                #27

                Matthew Faithfull wrote:

                That's part of the problem but can easily be solved because it is clearly impossible by this mechanism to evolve a mammal from a bacterium. You cannot do that by loosing information, by specializing, or what is known as 'natural slection'. No mechanism == impossible. Evolution was proposed as an explanation for the existence of observed species, not as some para-theoretical self validating mental framework. It fails to provide the explanation and is therefore so much historical junk science.

                Umm, yes you can. A bacterium doesn't 'lose' information, it mutates randomly. There is no purpose in evolution, just a consequence of a slightly different animal being slightly better at surviving. Give me ONE decent example of an organism 'de-evolving', completely counter to Darwinian evolution. Fact is, evolution was proposed before a heap of stuff was known about molecular biology and stuff like that, and it agreed wonderfully. Tell me honestly: if there was actually a decent counter-theory to Natural Selection, do you think scientists would still call it a Law?

                Matthew Faithfull wrote:

                No I'm not, I'm equating information entropy with energy entropy, the rules are same. The unavailability of a genomes information to do work increases over time until it reaches equilibrium. The law refers to a population overall and over time not any specific individual. There is no equivalent of the Sun, no external highly ordered or highly powered source from which to derive function which maintaining the second law.

                The sun comes into it, because it adds energy into a system through photosynthesis and probably other things. Animals eat the plants, digest the sugars and use the extra energy to build cells and move and eat more and whatever. I'm not intimately familiar with the mechanism, and I'm not going to read it now, but I'm sure there are people here who could explain it to you better than me. Wait...did you just say that the sun ISN'T highly powered? :wtf:

                Drawing on my fine command of language, I said nothing.

                M 1 Reply Last reply
                0
                • 7 73Zeppelin

                  Matthew Faithfull wrote:

                  Zepp and others loose their rag and post streams of unsubstantiated random abuse,

                  Stuff it, you tool! :laugh:

                  Matthew Faithfull wrote:

                  Yes but probably not one you'd accept. We've been around this debate before, I dismiss evolution as the pile of crap it is. Zepp and others loose their rag and post streams of unsubstantiated random abuse, I laugh, you post links to lots of evidence for de-evolution misdiagnosed as evidence for evolution, proving my point but not seeing it and everyone goes away none the wiser. I can only suggest that you look for yourself, you're more capable than me in math and shouldn't have any problem demoshing the paper thin arguments of idiots like Richard Dawkins. The more you look the less evolution and more de-evolution you will see.

                  You're so crazy it's, well, crazy!

                  O Offline
                  O Offline
                  Oakman
                  wrote on last edited by
                  #28

                  73Zeppelin wrote:

                  You're so crazy it's, well, crazy!

                  The Illuminati are behind the Theory of Evolution - probably the Swiss Gnomes.

                  Jon Smith & Wesson: The original point and click interface

                  7 1 Reply Last reply
                  0
                  • O Oakman

                    Matthew Faithfull wrote:

                    If what you say is correct then it has become meaningless and all conclusions based on said 'theory' are invalid.

                    Because you and your creationist friends have consistently misunderstood the Theory of Evolution (or worse, consistently misrepresented it, lying in the name of your god) does not mean that evolutionary biologists are responsible for your lack of understanding or explaining to you how you became deluded. You dug yourself into the hole, it is up to you to get out.

                    Jon Smith & Wesson: The original point and click interface

                    M Offline
                    M Offline
                    Matthew Faithfull
                    wrote on last edited by
                    #29

                    :laugh: No, it is our message that has remained exactly the same and that of 'evolutionary' ( i.e. unscientifically biased ) biologists that has changed to contradict itself so many times I've lost count. Nice of you to admit that evolution no longer claims the development of the higher organisms form the lower anymore. Yet another false claim laid to rest, that at least is progress. :)

                    "The secret of happiness is freedom, and the secret of freedom, courage." Thucydides (B.C. 460-400)

                    7 O 2 Replies Last reply
                    0
                    • O Oakman

                      73Zeppelin wrote:

                      You're so crazy it's, well, crazy!

                      The Illuminati are behind the Theory of Evolution - probably the Swiss Gnomes.

                      Jon Smith & Wesson: The original point and click interface

                      7 Offline
                      7 Offline
                      73Zeppelin
                      wrote on last edited by
                      #30

                      For sure. It's the Great Deceit (TM)! Faithfull, lives in his own private fantasy world. He's delusional to some extent. You have to forgive him for his erroneous view of the world. It's his defense mechanism.

                      O M 2 Replies Last reply
                      0
                      • M Matthew Faithfull

                        :laugh: No, it is our message that has remained exactly the same and that of 'evolutionary' ( i.e. unscientifically biased ) biologists that has changed to contradict itself so many times I've lost count. Nice of you to admit that evolution no longer claims the development of the higher organisms form the lower anymore. Yet another false claim laid to rest, that at least is progress. :)

                        "The secret of happiness is freedom, and the secret of freedom, courage." Thucydides (B.C. 460-400)

                        7 Offline
                        7 Offline
                        73Zeppelin
                        wrote on last edited by
                        #31

                        What contradiction? Where is the evidence it's wrong? Where is the evidence for your view? You spout tonnes of words, but they're meaningless.

                        M S 2 Replies Last reply
                        0
                        • C Christian Graus

                          I'm curious to know if platypus DNA proves evolution to anyone who doesn't already believe in evolution ?

                          Christian Graus Please read this if you don't understand the answer I've given you "also I don't think "TranslateOneToTwoBillion OneHundredAndFortySevenMillion FourHundredAndEightyThreeThousand SixHundredAndFortySeven()" is a very good choice for a function name" - SpacixOne ( offering help to someone who really needed it ) ( spaces added for the benefit of people running at < 1280x1024 )

                          O Offline
                          O Offline
                          Oakman
                          wrote on last edited by
                          #32

                          Christian Graus wrote:

                          I'm curious to know if platypus DNA proves evolution to anyone who doesn't already believe in evolution

                          I'm not sure that belief enters into it. The Theory is pretty well spelled out. If, by using it, one is able to more thoroughly understand what happened to create the biosphere as it is today and how/why it changed from what was present two hundred thousand years ago then it is a tool to be used. If stating that the world was created in 4004 BC, complete with aged fossils, and that "There were giants in the earth in those days; and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare [children] to them, the same [became] mighty men which [were] of old, men of renown." provides a methodology by which the biosphere can be understood, then we need to adopt this alternate viewpoint. So far, I've seen no evidence that Evolution doesn't explain the world better than Bishop Usher, ymmv as, obviously, does Mr. Faithful's

                          Jon Smith & Wesson: The original point and click interface

                          C 1 Reply Last reply
                          0
                          • S soap brain

                            Matthew Faithfull wrote:

                            That's part of the problem but can easily be solved because it is clearly impossible by this mechanism to evolve a mammal from a bacterium. You cannot do that by loosing information, by specializing, or what is known as 'natural slection'. No mechanism == impossible. Evolution was proposed as an explanation for the existence of observed species, not as some para-theoretical self validating mental framework. It fails to provide the explanation and is therefore so much historical junk science.

                            Umm, yes you can. A bacterium doesn't 'lose' information, it mutates randomly. There is no purpose in evolution, just a consequence of a slightly different animal being slightly better at surviving. Give me ONE decent example of an organism 'de-evolving', completely counter to Darwinian evolution. Fact is, evolution was proposed before a heap of stuff was known about molecular biology and stuff like that, and it agreed wonderfully. Tell me honestly: if there was actually a decent counter-theory to Natural Selection, do you think scientists would still call it a Law?

                            Matthew Faithfull wrote:

                            No I'm not, I'm equating information entropy with energy entropy, the rules are same. The unavailability of a genomes information to do work increases over time until it reaches equilibrium. The law refers to a population overall and over time not any specific individual. There is no equivalent of the Sun, no external highly ordered or highly powered source from which to derive function which maintaining the second law.

                            The sun comes into it, because it adds energy into a system through photosynthesis and probably other things. Animals eat the plants, digest the sugars and use the extra energy to build cells and move and eat more and whatever. I'm not intimately familiar with the mechanism, and I'm not going to read it now, but I'm sure there are people here who could explain it to you better than me. Wait...did you just say that the sun ISN'T highly powered? :wtf:

                            Drawing on my fine command of language, I said nothing.

                            M Offline
                            M Offline
                            Matthew Faithfull
                            wrote on last edited by
                            #33

                            Ravel H. Joyce wrote:

                            A bacterium doesn't 'lose' information, it mutates randomly.

                            Fundamental miunderstanding alert. To mutate randomly IS to loose infomration where you have a sufficient information density. All organisms more complex than a bacterium, a no dount some bateria have sufficient information density to be 'unevolvable' by random mutation.

                            Ravel H. Joyce wrote:

                            The sun comes into it,

                            No it does not because it doesn't add information.

                            Ravel H. Joyce wrote:

                            Wait...did you just say that the sun ISN'T highly powered?

                            No, I said it was not involved and there was no equivalent source in terms of information, implying that the sun IS highly powered as it clearly is relative to the energy differentials in our bioshpere. :)

                            "The secret of happiness is freedom, and the secret of freedom, courage." Thucydides (B.C. 460-400)

                            S 7 L 3 Replies Last reply
                            0
                            • M Matthew Faithfull

                              :laugh: No, it is our message that has remained exactly the same and that of 'evolutionary' ( i.e. unscientifically biased ) biologists that has changed to contradict itself so many times I've lost count. Nice of you to admit that evolution no longer claims the development of the higher organisms form the lower anymore. Yet another false claim laid to rest, that at least is progress. :)

                              "The secret of happiness is freedom, and the secret of freedom, courage." Thucydides (B.C. 460-400)

                              O Offline
                              O Offline
                              Oakman
                              wrote on last edited by
                              #34

                              Wrong, but thanks for playing. As a parting gift, we're giving you a brand-new all-aluminum foil beanie!!!

                              Jon Smith & Wesson: The original point and click interface

                              M 1 Reply Last reply
                              0
                              • M Matthew Faithfull

                                Ravel H. Joyce wrote:

                                A bacterium doesn't 'lose' information, it mutates randomly.

                                Fundamental miunderstanding alert. To mutate randomly IS to loose infomration where you have a sufficient information density. All organisms more complex than a bacterium, a no dount some bateria have sufficient information density to be 'unevolvable' by random mutation.

                                Ravel H. Joyce wrote:

                                The sun comes into it,

                                No it does not because it doesn't add information.

                                Ravel H. Joyce wrote:

                                Wait...did you just say that the sun ISN'T highly powered?

                                No, I said it was not involved and there was no equivalent source in terms of information, implying that the sun IS highly powered as it clearly is relative to the energy differentials in our bioshpere. :)

                                "The secret of happiness is freedom, and the secret of freedom, courage." Thucydides (B.C. 460-400)

                                S Offline
                                S Offline
                                soap brain
                                wrote on last edited by
                                #35

                                Matthew Faithfull wrote:

                                Fundamental miunderstanding alert. To mutate randomly IS to loose infomration where you have a sufficient information density. All organisms more complex than a bacterium, a no dount some bateria have sufficient information density to be 'unevolvable' by random mutation.

                                No it isn't. Maybe you don't understand the word 'random'. Probably the word 'mutate' as well.

                                Matthew Faithfull wrote:

                                No it does not because it doesn't add information.

                                It adds ENERGY, which is used to build DNA, RNA, proteins, etc.

                                Drawing on my fine command of language, I said nothing.

                                M 1 Reply Last reply
                                0
                                • 7 73Zeppelin

                                  What contradiction? Where is the evidence it's wrong? Where is the evidence for your view? You spout tonnes of words, but they're meaningless.

                                  M Offline
                                  M Offline
                                  Matthew Faithfull
                                  wrote on last edited by
                                  #36

                                  The evidence for my view is the very evidence you yourself could link to for your view if you were capable of anything other than carping. My words mean what they say, how about yours?

                                  "The secret of happiness is freedom, and the secret of freedom, courage." Thucydides (B.C. 460-400)

                                  7 1 Reply Last reply
                                  0
                                  • 7 73Zeppelin

                                    What contradiction? Where is the evidence it's wrong? Where is the evidence for your view? You spout tonnes of words, but they're meaningless.

                                    S Offline
                                    S Offline
                                    soap brain
                                    wrote on last edited by
                                    #37

                                    Wow, creepy, he's turning into Ilion...

                                    Drawing on my fine command of language, I said nothing.

                                    M 1 Reply Last reply
                                    0
                                    • 7 73Zeppelin

                                      For sure. It's the Great Deceit (TM)! Faithfull, lives in his own private fantasy world. He's delusional to some extent. You have to forgive him for his erroneous view of the world. It's his defense mechanism.

                                      O Offline
                                      O Offline
                                      Oakman
                                      wrote on last edited by
                                      #38

                                      73Zeppelin wrote:

                                      Faithfull, lives in his own private fantasy world

                                      While it's hard to understand exactly what he's babbling about, I think he's claiming that the neaderthals were a higher life form and we have devolved from them. Hard to think of Adam and Eve with single eyebrows, unbridged noses, and weak chins.

                                      Jon Smith & Wesson: The original point and click interface

                                      7 M 2 Replies Last reply
                                      0
                                      • M Matthew Faithfull

                                        Ravel H. Joyce wrote:

                                        A bacterium doesn't 'lose' information, it mutates randomly.

                                        Fundamental miunderstanding alert. To mutate randomly IS to loose infomration where you have a sufficient information density. All organisms more complex than a bacterium, a no dount some bateria have sufficient information density to be 'unevolvable' by random mutation.

                                        Ravel H. Joyce wrote:

                                        The sun comes into it,

                                        No it does not because it doesn't add information.

                                        Ravel H. Joyce wrote:

                                        Wait...did you just say that the sun ISN'T highly powered?

                                        No, I said it was not involved and there was no equivalent source in terms of information, implying that the sun IS highly powered as it clearly is relative to the energy differentials in our bioshpere. :)

                                        "The secret of happiness is freedom, and the secret of freedom, courage." Thucydides (B.C. 460-400)

                                        7 Offline
                                        7 Offline
                                        73Zeppelin
                                        wrote on last edited by
                                        #39

                                        Matthew Faithfull wrote:

                                        To mutate randomly IS to loose infomration where you have a sufficient information density. All organisms more complex than a bacterium, a no dount some bateria have sufficient information density to be 'unevolvable' by random mutation.

                                        Look at this complete nonsense. What is "information" in your opinion? Does white noise contain information? What is "information density"? How have you measured information density in order to arrive at the above conclusions. What is "sufficient information density"? Why does "information density" restrict "unevolvability"? Through what mechanism is that enforced? You're a total nutter. Is it any wonder I have no patience for you and the other idiot?

                                        M 1 Reply Last reply
                                        0
                                        • O Oakman

                                          73Zeppelin wrote:

                                          Faithfull, lives in his own private fantasy world

                                          While it's hard to understand exactly what he's babbling about, I think he's claiming that the neaderthals were a higher life form and we have devolved from them. Hard to think of Adam and Eve with single eyebrows, unbridged noses, and weak chins.

                                          Jon Smith & Wesson: The original point and click interface

                                          7 Offline
                                          7 Offline
                                          73Zeppelin
                                          wrote on last edited by
                                          #40

                                          I have no clue what he's babbling about. It only makes sense to him in the same way that grunts and growls make sense to people raised by wolves.

                                          1 Reply Last reply
                                          0
                                          Reply
                                          • Reply as topic
                                          Log in to reply
                                          • Oldest to Newest
                                          • Newest to Oldest
                                          • Most Votes


                                          • Login

                                          • Don't have an account? Register

                                          • Login or register to search.
                                          • First post
                                            Last post
                                          0
                                          • Categories
                                          • Recent
                                          • Tags
                                          • Popular
                                          • World
                                          • Users
                                          • Groups