Aha!, now i see the trouble(s). 1.- i DO have to define both _UNICODE and UNICODE (bummer) 2.- im using the char versions of the standard string functions (strlen, strcat, etc), instead of the TCHAR versions of them (_tcscat, _ftprintf, etc.) 3.- i forgot to UN-define _MBCS (dough!) just one more question. reading MSDN, i noticed 2 versions of winmain, one for mbcs and one for unicode, so, is there a tchar version of it too? and, i havent changed the winmain to _twinmain or whatever and still the app compiles fine with unicode defined. so, do i have to change the entry point of the app to point to it? (ok its 2 questions). thanks very much for your answers! ps. Michael, your article on strings RULES! (as usual) :)