6502 Powered Whole Generation of Devices
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If you are interested in 6502 (and/or computing history) this video is absolutely worth a watch. He has a bunch of quality videos for retro but this one is great for the history. The 6502 CPU Powered a Whole Generation! - YouTube[^] EDIT: Includes interview with Bill Mensch (one of original designer/creators of 6502).
Finally got a minute to watch through the video. Side note, the trick about using the bit shifts to multiply and divide by two, is also why older video cards wanted texture dimensions to be in powers of two. So much in fact, they had their own acronym for it: POT. On older cards, using non-POT textures would slow things dddooooooooowwwwwnnnn.
Jeremy Falcon
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honey the codewitch wrote:
That's the chip i learned to code on!
I'm very curious about a number of things. If you don't want to answer, no pressure I understand. What year were you learning 6502? Were you learning this on your own? Or part of some school? What was your programming rig? IDE? Device programmer? etc. I'm thinking you learned this back in the 80s or 90s maybe and I'm curious how you had access to that stuff? I remember having a C64 and having no idea how to program it to do anything worthwhile because all I had was BASIC and the other alternative was 6502 Assembly but I didn't know how / where I would've learned that back then. Just curious.
FWIW I learned 6502 assembler in the '80s on my Acorn Atom, that had a BASIC with a brilliant inline 6502 Assembler; you could seamlessly interleave BASIC and 6502 code. The manual documented lots of information about the internals and OS API which was also very useful. The Atom, for those who aren't familiar, was the predecessor to the BBC Micro, itself the predecessor to the Acorn Archimedes (which was technically way ahead of the Lisa and Macintosh) and Acorn Computers begat ARM. Heady days! "Acorn Computers" was a prescient name for something small that grew so big and strong, doncha think? I still have my Acorn Atom, with manuals, but no suitable TV for video output.☹️
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honey the codewitch wrote:
That's the chip i learned to code on!
I'm very curious about a number of things. If you don't want to answer, no pressure I understand. What year were you learning 6502? Were you learning this on your own? Or part of some school? What was your programming rig? IDE? Device programmer? etc. I'm thinking you learned this back in the 80s or 90s maybe and I'm curious how you had access to that stuff? I remember having a C64 and having no idea how to program it to do anything worthwhile because all I had was BASIC and the other alternative was 6502 Assembly but I didn't know how / where I would've learned that back then. Just curious.
FWIW I learned 6502 assembler in the '80s on my Acorn Atom, that had a BASIC with a brilliant inline 6502 Assembler; you could seamlessly interleave BASIC and 6502 code. The manual documented lots of information about the internals and OS API which was also very useful. The Atom, for those who aren't familiar, was the predecessor to the BBC Micro, itself the predecessor to the Acorn Archimedes (which was technically way ahead of the Lisa and Macintosh) and Acorn Computers begat ARM. Heady days! "Acorn Computers" was a prescient name for something small that grew so big and strong, doncha think? I still have my Acorn Atom, with manuals, but no suitable TV for video output.☹️
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FWIW I learned 6502 assembler in the '80s on my Acorn Atom, that had a BASIC with a brilliant inline 6502 Assembler; you could seamlessly interleave BASIC and 6502 code. The manual documented lots of information about the internals and OS API which was also very useful. The Atom, for those who aren't familiar, was the predecessor to the BBC Micro, itself the predecessor to the Acorn Archimedes (which was technically way ahead of the Lisa and Macintosh) and Acorn Computers begat ARM. Heady days! "Acorn Computers" was a prescient name for something small that grew so big and strong, doncha think? I still have my Acorn Atom, with manuals, but no suitable TV for video output.☹️
Did not know Acorn was the ARM predecessor. Neat.
Check out my IoT graphics library here: https://honeythecodewitch.com/gfx And my IoT UI/User Experience library here: https://honeythecodewitch.com/uix
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honey the codewitch wrote:
That's the chip i learned to code on!
I'm very curious about a number of things. If you don't want to answer, no pressure I understand. What year were you learning 6502? Were you learning this on your own? Or part of some school? What was your programming rig? IDE? Device programmer? etc. I'm thinking you learned this back in the 80s or 90s maybe and I'm curious how you had access to that stuff? I remember having a C64 and having no idea how to program it to do anything worthwhile because all I had was BASIC and the other alternative was 6502 Assembly but I didn't know how / where I would've learned that back then. Just curious.
Saw the 6502 reference in the newsletter, so, got to here. In 1980, my high school got 3 Commodore PET computers - 16K each. Commodore had a deal - buy 2 get one, so a number of teachers or parents pooled their many and bought them. A friend's dad bought one, so we had ready access to it. Not sure how we got access to the programming manual, but we did.. and taught ourselves. Jim Butterfield wrote an assembly program that we got a copy of and the assembly code list, so we taught ourselves 6502 assembler as well. The following year, the school got 12 more computers, so access to more people. Still, we simply taught ourselves. Programs I remember writing: a two-person shooting games with cowboys, solitaire Hearts, a Star Trek type kill the aliens game, and, in assembly, fill the screen with random characters and execute a bubble sort to sort the screen characters.
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Saw the 6502 reference in the newsletter, so, got to here. In 1980, my high school got 3 Commodore PET computers - 16K each. Commodore had a deal - buy 2 get one, so a number of teachers or parents pooled their many and bought them. A friend's dad bought one, so we had ready access to it. Not sure how we got access to the programming manual, but we did.. and taught ourselves. Jim Butterfield wrote an assembly program that we got a copy of and the assembly code list, so we taught ourselves 6502 assembler as well. The following year, the school got 12 more computers, so access to more people. Still, we simply taught ourselves. Programs I remember writing: a two-person shooting games with cowboys, solitaire Hearts, a Star Trek type kill the aliens game, and, in assembly, fill the screen with random characters and execute a bubble sort to sort the screen characters.
Tim Carmichael wrote:
Jim Butterfield wrote an assembly program that we got a copy of and the assembly code list, so we taught ourselves 6502 assembler as well.
Wow! Amazing. I had a Coleco Adam in 1984 or so and I would type programs into the BASIC interpreter and they would invariably fail. Once they would fail I was lost for how to fix them. I'm pretty sure my brain did not use any logic back then. Only emotions. But I would sit and stare at the computer, however, that did not fix any of the bugs. :laugh:
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If you are interested in 6502 (and/or computing history) this video is absolutely worth a watch. He has a bunch of quality videos for retro but this one is great for the history. The 6502 CPU Powered a Whole Generation! - YouTube[^] EDIT: Includes interview with Bill Mensch (one of original designer/creators of 6502).
6502 was (Still is) one of my favourite ever CPU's, in fact I have such a deep love for it that I have modelled various elements of it using "Digital" the successor to "Logisim" written by H.Neehman and available on Github. [GitHub - hneemann/Digital: A digital logic designer and circuit simulator.](https://github.com/hneemann/Digital) My First CPU was actually a Z80 back in around 1979, but I rapidly got bored with that, and within a couple of years had moved on to the Acorn Electron, then eventually the BBC Micro Model B (I'm in the UK btw) I loved the 6502, it was a joy to program. Memory Mapped I/O was the way to go, none of this taking control of the bus nonsense that the Z80 had, it was what would be classed now as a RISC processor, unlike the 6809 which had a register and instruction for every purpose. The 6502 was light enough that you didn't get overwhelmed, but powerful enough that it could do some fantastic tricks. Many of my friends followed the route of just using computers to pay games, so they went the Z80 route and stayed with the Sinclair computers, many of them eventually moving on to the 16 bit 68000 CPU's via the Atari ST and Amiga 500 platforms. Myself I stayed with the 6502 on a physical machine right up to the early 90's, and even though I had a PC by that point in time, and had been doing some work with them due to college/uni etc I never forgot my BBC Model B micro. Eventually I managed to afford an Acorn Archimedes A5000 with it's 25Mhz ARM3 CPU, a CPU which I felt was the true spiritual successor to the 6502, it had a very similar programming model, just the right number of registers and functionality, and the combined instruction layout (IE: being able to branch and loop without using separate branch & loop instructions) just felt right. People worship the ARM CPU Architecture today, it's everywhere and inside everything, it would never have happened if it wasn't for the 6502. Consider too, that the 6502 is an old 8-bit CPU that is still manufactured today. The western design corp, still manufactures brand new 6502 silicon, that can clock up to 32Mhz (Faster than my original ARM3 successor to it) and hobbyists are STILL making their own NEW home computers. If you look on places like PCB Way and JLC you can find NEW board designs enabling you to build a modern BBC Model B micro, and all of the silicon and parts required to do so are still available should you wish to do so. Myself, over the years I've released a lot of my old 6502 machine code on places
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Did not know Acorn was the ARM predecessor. Neat.
Check out my IoT graphics library here: https://honeythecodewitch.com/gfx And my IoT UI/User Experience library here: https://honeythecodewitch.com/uix
ARM == Acorn Risc Machine
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6502 was (Still is) one of my favourite ever CPU's, in fact I have such a deep love for it that I have modelled various elements of it using "Digital" the successor to "Logisim" written by H.Neehman and available on Github. [GitHub - hneemann/Digital: A digital logic designer and circuit simulator.](https://github.com/hneemann/Digital) My First CPU was actually a Z80 back in around 1979, but I rapidly got bored with that, and within a couple of years had moved on to the Acorn Electron, then eventually the BBC Micro Model B (I'm in the UK btw) I loved the 6502, it was a joy to program. Memory Mapped I/O was the way to go, none of this taking control of the bus nonsense that the Z80 had, it was what would be classed now as a RISC processor, unlike the 6809 which had a register and instruction for every purpose. The 6502 was light enough that you didn't get overwhelmed, but powerful enough that it could do some fantastic tricks. Many of my friends followed the route of just using computers to pay games, so they went the Z80 route and stayed with the Sinclair computers, many of them eventually moving on to the 16 bit 68000 CPU's via the Atari ST and Amiga 500 platforms. Myself I stayed with the 6502 on a physical machine right up to the early 90's, and even though I had a PC by that point in time, and had been doing some work with them due to college/uni etc I never forgot my BBC Model B micro. Eventually I managed to afford an Acorn Archimedes A5000 with it's 25Mhz ARM3 CPU, a CPU which I felt was the true spiritual successor to the 6502, it had a very similar programming model, just the right number of registers and functionality, and the combined instruction layout (IE: being able to branch and loop without using separate branch & loop instructions) just felt right. People worship the ARM CPU Architecture today, it's everywhere and inside everything, it would never have happened if it wasn't for the 6502. Consider too, that the 6502 is an old 8-bit CPU that is still manufactured today. The western design corp, still manufactures brand new 6502 silicon, that can clock up to 32Mhz (Faster than my original ARM3 successor to it) and hobbyists are STILL making their own NEW home computers. If you look on places like PCB Way and JLC you can find NEW board designs enabling you to build a modern BBC Model B micro, and all of the silicon and parts required to do so are still available should you wish to do so. Myself, over the years I've released a lot of my old 6502 machine code on places
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If you are interested in 6502 (and/or computing history) this video is absolutely worth a watch. He has a bunch of quality videos for retro but this one is great for the history. The 6502 CPU Powered a Whole Generation! - YouTube[^] EDIT: Includes interview with Bill Mensch (one of original designer/creators of 6502).
My name's in the credits of Kermit (file transfer program) for the BBC Micro, which was one of 2 programs I worked on in 6502 assembler. The other was an enhanced terminal emulator running on the BBC micro which mostly worked as a VT52 clone but had enhancement to display graphics.
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If you are interested in 6502 (and/or computing history) this video is absolutely worth a watch. He has a bunch of quality videos for retro but this one is great for the history. The 6502 CPU Powered a Whole Generation! - YouTube[^] EDIT: Includes interview with Bill Mensch (one of original designer/creators of 6502).
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If you are interested in 6502 (and/or computing history) this video is absolutely worth a watch. He has a bunch of quality videos for retro but this one is great for the history. The 6502 CPU Powered a Whole Generation! - YouTube[^] EDIT: Includes interview with Bill Mensch (one of original designer/creators of 6502).
I always hated that thing. It powered my Apple IIC and when I tried to code for it, I never found a CALL instruction. Being an Intel/Zilog guy, the JSR/RTS pair never clicked - Duh! The design placed video memory smack in the middle of the 64k RAM space, and I never could figure out how to get around that and back again. I dumped that machine and bought a real computer - an Epson QX-16 with 256k RAM!
Will Rogers never met me.
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That's the chip i learned to code on! I love that lil guy.
Check out my IoT graphics library here: https://honeythecodewitch.com/gfx And my IoT UI/User Experience library here: https://honeythecodewitch.com/uix
Commodore 64 here. Still have the Programmer's Reference Guide. I was too poor to afford the ASM cartridge, so I did all the assembly/ml programming via poke statements in Commodore Basic. Good times. I still have a large love for ASM.
-Sean ---- Fire Nuts
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If you are interested in 6502 (and/or computing history) this video is absolutely worth a watch. He has a bunch of quality videos for retro but this one is great for the history. The 6502 CPU Powered a Whole Generation! - YouTube[^] EDIT: Includes interview with Bill Mensch (one of original designer/creators of 6502).
I never really learnt the 6502 when it was current, which is a shame. My school bought a nascom 1 in 1978 and I learnt Z80 on that, having dabbled in 8080 on a friend's ETI Triton. I still have a bit of an interest in looking at 6502, having helped a different friend years later with some 6809 code.
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If you are interested in 6502 (and/or computing history) this video is absolutely worth a watch. He has a bunch of quality videos for retro but this one is great for the history. The 6502 CPU Powered a Whole Generation! - YouTube[^] EDIT: Includes interview with Bill Mensch (one of original designer/creators of 6502).
No 6502 for me. But I do have a book which covers it as well as a few others from that era. Saved from being scrapped.
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honey the codewitch wrote:
That's the chip i learned to code on!
I'm very curious about a number of things. If you don't want to answer, no pressure I understand. What year were you learning 6502? Were you learning this on your own? Or part of some school? What was your programming rig? IDE? Device programmer? etc. I'm thinking you learned this back in the 80s or 90s maybe and I'm curious how you had access to that stuff? I remember having a C64 and having no idea how to program it to do anything worthwhile because all I had was BASIC and the other alternative was 6502 Assembly but I didn't know how / where I would've learned that back then. Just curious.
Sorry to chime in here, but the questions are just too funny and show how much folks today are removed from those early days of "personal computing"... ;) I learned 6502 assembler on my very first own computer, back in late 1976, a MOS Technology KIM-1. With 2KB ROM and un-upgraded, 1152 bytes of RAM... :-D Input was a hex keyboard, output was a 6-digit LED 7 segment display (think old calculator). Not very IDE friendly... ;) All programming at that point was done via entering hex addresses and opcodes, using the "monitor" contained in the onboard ROM. Only documentation was the manual that MOS provided with the board, which contained little more than the opcodes/mnemonics and a VERY brief description what they did. I think it was at least a couple more years before I bought Rodney Zaks' books "Programming the 6502" and "Programming the Z80", which were kind of the bibles for assembly programming back then... As that set very quickly limits on what I could do with it, I upgraded it to a whooping 4KB of RAM, which enabled me to painstakingly enter the hex codes for a version of Tiny BASIC. Saved and reloaded before use from a tape cassette recorder, this also didn't leave much room for further programming adventures and further memory upgrades and other stuff (video interface or serial terminal) were out of reach for my high school students budget. But by that time, 1977 had come around and the first "real" microcomputers, and while still too expensive for me to by one of those myself, I was able to access someone else's brand spanking new TRS-80 Model I and started to write my first programs for money, until, together with selling my KIM-1, allowed me to buy my own TRS-80 clone and started the long and winding road I am still on today... :laugh:
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FWIW I learned 6502 assembler in the '80s on my Acorn Atom, that had a BASIC with a brilliant inline 6502 Assembler; you could seamlessly interleave BASIC and 6502 code. The manual documented lots of information about the internals and OS API which was also very useful. The Atom, for those who aren't familiar, was the predecessor to the BBC Micro, itself the predecessor to the Acorn Archimedes (which was technically way ahead of the Lisa and Macintosh) and Acorn Computers begat ARM. Heady days! "Acorn Computers" was a prescient name for something small that grew so big and strong, doncha think? I still have my Acorn Atom, with manuals, but no suitable TV for video output.☹️
I learnt 6502 assembly on the BBC Micro (by Acorn). The assembler embedded in BASIC made that a cheap and convenient option. Still use that skill from time to time. And the 6502 is still manufactured, by the way. Still useful as a fast, reliable embedded device.