There is a good description of .RESX files here: Resources in .Resx File Format[^] which explains the file format (XML) as well as touching on what it holds. Basically, it's a human-and-machine readable file which holds the images, icons, text (including - but not restricted to - localisation strings), sounds, and other resources that your app needs to have compiled into it that the compiler uses to build your final EXE or DLL assembly.
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