Entered the computer world in 1972, starting with a Dec PDP-8, using its machine language. NO formal training at all, dug it out from the very few books, in fact found only two Dec books to work with, yes, still have the little books, which are very dog eared and falling apart. My first program I bit switched it in using the front panel switches on the CPU. The box had 8K of memory! From that start, developed the programs to run the entire scope of programs for the company, which was not a small company, example running two 600 lines per minute printers full blast at least 12 hours per day for reports, remember everything had to come out on paper. WHY no formal training – the Universities where running so far behind in technologies compared to the real world of business!! keith