Skip to content
  • Categories
  • Recent
  • Tags
  • Popular
  • World
  • Users
  • Groups
Skins
  • Light
  • Cerulean
  • Cosmo
  • Flatly
  • Journal
  • Litera
  • Lumen
  • Lux
  • Materia
  • Minty
  • Morph
  • Pulse
  • Sandstone
  • Simplex
  • Sketchy
  • Spacelab
  • United
  • Yeti
  • Zephyr
  • Dark
  • Cyborg
  • Darkly
  • Quartz
  • Slate
  • Solar
  • Superhero
  • Vapor

  • Default (No Skin)
  • No Skin
Collapse
Code Project
  1. Home
  2. The Lounge
  3. Working alone or in a team ?

Working alone or in a team ?

Scheduled Pinned Locked Moved The Lounge
sharepointcollaborationquestiondiscussion
44 Posts 27 Posters 0 Views 1 Watching
  • Oldest to Newest
  • Newest to Oldest
  • Most Votes
Reply
  • Reply as topic
Log in to reply
This topic has been deleted. Only users with topic management privileges can see it.
  • C Christian Flutcher

    The company which I am working believes in solo programming and not in team works. Each programmer will be assigned to a project and he/she has to do it alone. This is something new to me as my last company works with teams and I believe team work has more advantage than going solo. I got irritated and presented my worries to the manager. He said "I have 20 years experience in IT industry and from my experience solo programming worked always better than a team". I am surprised ! I argued to my best to prove he is wrong, but I couldn't prove my point as I am not much experienced like him. I just want to get your opinions on this ? Do you believe solo programming is better than a team work ?

    S Offline
    S Offline
    Steve Mayfield
    wrote on last edited by
    #4

    depends on the size of the project. Virtually all of the projects I have worked on over the past 30 years have been solo - usually from 10K to 50K lines of code per project. The few team projects I've worked on have been segmented - each person worked on an independant segment (like customized embedded OS + internal user interface application + external interface application) - each segment had a detailed software design document (SDD) and interface control document (ICD)

    Steve

    C 1 Reply Last reply
    0
    • C Christian Flutcher

      The company which I am working believes in solo programming and not in team works. Each programmer will be assigned to a project and he/she has to do it alone. This is something new to me as my last company works with teams and I believe team work has more advantage than going solo. I got irritated and presented my worries to the manager. He said "I have 20 years experience in IT industry and from my experience solo programming worked always better than a team". I am surprised ! I argued to my best to prove he is wrong, but I couldn't prove my point as I am not much experienced like him. I just want to get your opinions on this ? Do you believe solo programming is better than a team work ?

      S Offline
      S Offline
      Stuart Dootson
      wrote on last edited by
      #5

      In my experience, it depends on the size of project and the ability and experience of the people involved. I've worked alone, as well as part of teams ranging up to 50 people in size. I feel the success (or otherwise) of solo working depends on how happy you are to direct your own work and how responsibility you're happy to take.

      C 1 Reply Last reply
      0
      • S Steve Mayfield

        depends on the size of the project. Virtually all of the projects I have worked on over the past 30 years have been solo - usually from 10K to 50K lines of code per project. The few team projects I've worked on have been segmented - each person worked on an independant segment (like customized embedded OS + internal user interface application + external interface application) - each segment had a detailed software design document (SDD) and interface control document (ICD)

        Steve

        C Offline
        C Offline
        Christian Flutcher
        wrote on last edited by
        #6

        Steve Mayfield wrote:

        depends on the size of the project.

        Yes. But all the projects taken by this company are pretty big which will have a duration of 1 year minimum. So remembering the whole project by a single person seems to be impossible.

        1 Reply Last reply
        0
        • C Christian Flutcher

          The company which I am working believes in solo programming and not in team works. Each programmer will be assigned to a project and he/she has to do it alone. This is something new to me as my last company works with teams and I believe team work has more advantage than going solo. I got irritated and presented my worries to the manager. He said "I have 20 years experience in IT industry and from my experience solo programming worked always better than a team". I am surprised ! I argued to my best to prove he is wrong, but I couldn't prove my point as I am not much experienced like him. I just want to get your opinions on this ? Do you believe solo programming is better than a team work ?

          R Offline
          R Offline
          R Giskard Reventlov
          wrote on last edited by
          #7

          As in all things there are benefits and pitfalls to each. I have done both and generally prefer working alone but with other people around working as a loosely coupled team so as to share code, ideas, etc. On the other hand I did try pair programming once but as we came to blows it didn't work out so well. I've never been anywhere where I saw that really working well over any period of time. Mostly it depends on the size and scope of the project. For RAD or tactical development single is fine, for a longer term or strategic project it makes sense to have more than one person to spread the load and have a range of skills available. There is no hard and fast rule and whilst your manager sounds a bit stuck in his ways (I have over 20+ years experience but am happy to change and adapt to new situations and demands) he may be correct for his given situation.

          me, me, me

          1 Reply Last reply
          0
          • S Stuart Dootson

            In my experience, it depends on the size of project and the ability and experience of the people involved. I've worked alone, as well as part of teams ranging up to 50 people in size. I feel the success (or otherwise) of solo working depends on how happy you are to direct your own work and how responsibility you're happy to take.

            C Offline
            C Offline
            Christian Flutcher
            wrote on last edited by
            #8

            Stuart Dootson wrote:

            I feel the success (or otherwise) of solo working depends on how happy you are to direct your own work and how responsibility you're happy to take.

            I am happy with the work, but when project becomes big, it's hard to remember whole modules. One advantage I felt with solo model is, we are free to take decisions.

            S P 2 Replies Last reply
            0
            • C Christian Flutcher

              The company which I am working believes in solo programming and not in team works. Each programmer will be assigned to a project and he/she has to do it alone. This is something new to me as my last company works with teams and I believe team work has more advantage than going solo. I got irritated and presented my worries to the manager. He said "I have 20 years experience in IT industry and from my experience solo programming worked always better than a team". I am surprised ! I argued to my best to prove he is wrong, but I couldn't prove my point as I am not much experienced like him. I just want to get your opinions on this ? Do you believe solo programming is better than a team work ?

              D Offline
              D Offline
              deepak_rai
              wrote on last edited by
              #9

              Working SOLO not beneficial for both company and developer. With the Company Perspective : 1) Only one guy is aware about project. It that involved guy left the company project may be in risk. 2) Company cannot meet the deadline at time. 3) There is different pahse of SDLC. Which cannot be followed by only one guy. 4) Company expectation will be higher than output. 5) Project will loss the standard. It will not be 100% bug free, User friendly and performance centric. 6) Project maintainance cost would be increased. With the Developer Perspective : 1) Working alone become boring job. Nobody will be discuss about project. And you cannot share your problem with anyone.(Like me) 2) You cannot fullfill company expectation on time. It will down your image in company. 3) You will be depend on internet for finding your solution. 4) You will be moody about project. Because project is only in your hand. And you have to decide its "to do list". So you will prepare this list according to your convenience. 5) You will choose very easy way to find the solution. Because you dont want to take risk. 6) Updating yourself will be tough because no comptetion with you. Its all happened with me. I left that company and now i am in team as Team leader in my new company. :)

              C M W A 4 Replies Last reply
              0
              • C Christian Flutcher

                The company which I am working believes in solo programming and not in team works. Each programmer will be assigned to a project and he/she has to do it alone. This is something new to me as my last company works with teams and I believe team work has more advantage than going solo. I got irritated and presented my worries to the manager. He said "I have 20 years experience in IT industry and from my experience solo programming worked always better than a team". I am surprised ! I argued to my best to prove he is wrong, but I couldn't prove my point as I am not much experienced like him. I just want to get your opinions on this ? Do you believe solo programming is better than a team work ?

                E Offline
                E Offline
                Emilio Garavaglia
                wrote on last edited by
                #10

                In my experience it's not a problem of "yes or not", but a problem of "about what". You cannot write a 20-lines function in team, and you cannot spend, to specify to somebody else what he has to code, more than the time you'll need to code it yourself. Hence, for relatively small projects or project modules you should be alone. On the other side, you cannot spend ten years to write one million lines for a project that should be given in one year. In general the "programming in the large" should be defined by a relatively small team (architectural decision cannt be designed by a "parliament"), and the modules be given to teams whose sizes must be large enough to sustain the timing an small enough to avoid dispersions and recoding risks. And, of course, for very well focused and defined modules, such size can be successfully reduced in to one. Now, if you 20-y experienced boss always worked on those kind of projects and you're inside one of them he is probably true, otherwise you both risk to be the deaf telling the blind "if you see something wrong call me". Two good reason for a certain fail. (But you two can be successful, if you swap :-) )

                2 bugs found. > recompile ... 65534 bugs found. :doh:

                N 1 Reply Last reply
                0
                • C Christian Flutcher

                  The company which I am working believes in solo programming and not in team works. Each programmer will be assigned to a project and he/she has to do it alone. This is something new to me as my last company works with teams and I believe team work has more advantage than going solo. I got irritated and presented my worries to the manager. He said "I have 20 years experience in IT industry and from my experience solo programming worked always better than a team". I am surprised ! I argued to my best to prove he is wrong, but I couldn't prove my point as I am not much experienced like him. I just want to get your opinions on this ? Do you believe solo programming is better than a team work ?

                  N Offline
                  N Offline
                  Nagy Vilmos
                  wrote on last edited by
                  #11

                  We work alone in a team ;P We have one huge product that is split into various components. A developer will generally work on a single change by themself; but crutially with support and/or imput from senior team members (that's me). I think this provides the best of both worlds. There is enough experience around to guide the newer members along the acceptable path when doing something for the first time. Also, most people get to work on different projects as each change is normally designed to be less then two weeks work. As an example we have one change on at the moment which has taken up four plus developers time for the last two months. However it has been split into smaller parts so that each of them can work mostly alone. These sub-jobs are each around a weeks (hee hee) work.


                  Panic, Chaos, Destruction. My work here is done.

                  1 Reply Last reply
                  0
                  • C Christian Flutcher

                    Stuart Dootson wrote:

                    I feel the success (or otherwise) of solo working depends on how happy you are to direct your own work and how responsibility you're happy to take.

                    I am happy with the work, but when project becomes big, it's hard to remember whole modules. One advantage I felt with solo model is, we are free to take decisions.

                    S Offline
                    S Offline
                    Stuart Dootson
                    wrote on last edited by
                    #12

                    ForumExpertOnLine wrote:

                    when project becomes big, it's hard to remember whole modules

                    That's why it helps to have some level of design for a project, documenting how you're going to allocate requirements and responsibilities to different (coherent, decoupled) modules/classes/however you partition your code. Doesn't need to be in too much detail, just something to remind you what parts of the application are implemented in different modules.

                    1 Reply Last reply
                    0
                    • E Emilio Garavaglia

                      In my experience it's not a problem of "yes or not", but a problem of "about what". You cannot write a 20-lines function in team, and you cannot spend, to specify to somebody else what he has to code, more than the time you'll need to code it yourself. Hence, for relatively small projects or project modules you should be alone. On the other side, you cannot spend ten years to write one million lines for a project that should be given in one year. In general the "programming in the large" should be defined by a relatively small team (architectural decision cannt be designed by a "parliament"), and the modules be given to teams whose sizes must be large enough to sustain the timing an small enough to avoid dispersions and recoding risks. And, of course, for very well focused and defined modules, such size can be successfully reduced in to one. Now, if you 20-y experienced boss always worked on those kind of projects and you're inside one of them he is probably true, otherwise you both risk to be the deaf telling the blind "if you see something wrong call me". Two good reason for a certain fail. (But you two can be successful, if you swap :-) )

                      2 bugs found. > recompile ... 65534 bugs found. :doh:

                      N Offline
                      N Offline
                      Nagy Vilmos
                      wrote on last edited by
                      #13

                      emilio_grv wrote:

                      bugs found. > recompile ... 65534 bugs found.

                      It's like the programmer's drinking song: 99 little bugs sitting in the code, 99 little bugs sitting in the code, Fix one bug and compile it up again, There's 100 little bugs sitting in the code. [repeat until bugs == 0] :laugh: :laugh:


                      Panic, Chaos, Destruction. My work here is done.

                      1 Reply Last reply
                      0
                      • D deepak_rai

                        Working SOLO not beneficial for both company and developer. With the Company Perspective : 1) Only one guy is aware about project. It that involved guy left the company project may be in risk. 2) Company cannot meet the deadline at time. 3) There is different pahse of SDLC. Which cannot be followed by only one guy. 4) Company expectation will be higher than output. 5) Project will loss the standard. It will not be 100% bug free, User friendly and performance centric. 6) Project maintainance cost would be increased. With the Developer Perspective : 1) Working alone become boring job. Nobody will be discuss about project. And you cannot share your problem with anyone.(Like me) 2) You cannot fullfill company expectation on time. It will down your image in company. 3) You will be depend on internet for finding your solution. 4) You will be moody about project. Because project is only in your hand. And you have to decide its "to do list". So you will prepare this list according to your convenience. 5) You will choose very easy way to find the solution. Because you dont want to take risk. 6) Updating yourself will be tough because no comptetion with you. Its all happened with me. I left that company and now i am in team as Team leader in my new company. :)

                        C Offline
                        C Offline
                        Christian Flutcher
                        wrote on last edited by
                        #14

                        Great. I am in the same situation. I given my resignation and waiting to get relieved.

                        L G 2 Replies Last reply
                        0
                        • C Christian Flutcher

                          Great. I am in the same situation. I given my resignation and waiting to get relieved.

                          L Offline
                          L Offline
                          leppie
                          wrote on last edited by
                          #15

                          ForumExpertOnLine wrote:

                          Great. I am in the same situation. I given my resignation and waiting to get relieved.

                          Same here, not sure about resignation though ;P

                          xacc.ide - now with TabsToSpaces support
                          IronScheme - 1.0 alpha 4a out now (29 May 2008)

                          1 Reply Last reply
                          0
                          • C Christian Flutcher

                            The company which I am working believes in solo programming and not in team works. Each programmer will be assigned to a project and he/she has to do it alone. This is something new to me as my last company works with teams and I believe team work has more advantage than going solo. I got irritated and presented my worries to the manager. He said "I have 20 years experience in IT industry and from my experience solo programming worked always better than a team". I am surprised ! I argued to my best to prove he is wrong, but I couldn't prove my point as I am not much experienced like him. I just want to get your opinions on this ? Do you believe solo programming is better than a team work ?

                            P Offline
                            P Offline
                            peterchen
                            wrote on last edited by
                            #16

                            Really depends on the project. In my jaded experience: If a project is small enough that it can be run by a single coder, he is usually much more efficient than in a team - especially if he's a very-good-but-not-great coder. One could blame it on communicaiton overhead, but there's probably more. Knowing every corner of the project helps a lot in deciding which shortcut is ok and which one is not. Of course, with a certain size he needs to take others on board. But two guys are more efficient as one usually only when they worked very well together on the same project. New guy = slowdown. Additionally, many developers start with no team experience that makes a huge difference. So, while his attitude is certainly raising an eyebrow, he might have a point there.

                            We are a big screwed up dysfunctional psychotic happy family - some more screwed up, others more happy, but everybody's psychotic joint venture definition of CP
                            blog: TDD - the Aha! | Linkify!| FoldWithUs! | sighist

                            C 1 Reply Last reply
                            0
                            • C Christian Flutcher

                              The company which I am working believes in solo programming and not in team works. Each programmer will be assigned to a project and he/she has to do it alone. This is something new to me as my last company works with teams and I believe team work has more advantage than going solo. I got irritated and presented my worries to the manager. He said "I have 20 years experience in IT industry and from my experience solo programming worked always better than a team". I am surprised ! I argued to my best to prove he is wrong, but I couldn't prove my point as I am not much experienced like him. I just want to get your opinions on this ? Do you believe solo programming is better than a team work ?

                              T Offline
                              T Offline
                              Tom Deketelaere
                              wrote on last edited by
                              #17

                              I'v been working for my current company for about a year now, the first 6 months or so I worked in a 2-man team (if you can call that a team) and everything went to hell My boss fired the other guy after those 6 months (various reasons but not important here) and the project was passed off to me (and me alone). For the last 6 months I'v been programming on it alone (redoing the whole thing because of some bad choices made on the other guy's promisses, bad components and such) While doing that project (wich is about 100k - 200k lines code) I'v done several others (smaller ones) and creating a standerd for .NET (the company used to do only access dev.) and have to say I kinda like the solo working Yes it's hard to remember everything (if not impossible) but if you've worked with a completly incompetant person (who is supposed to have 20 years experiance more than me) it's a relieve to work solo (if you can handle the late nights / stress / deadlines / ...) But my experiance in these matters is limited so...

                              1 Reply Last reply
                              0
                              • C Christian Flutcher

                                The company which I am working believes in solo programming and not in team works. Each programmer will be assigned to a project and he/she has to do it alone. This is something new to me as my last company works with teams and I believe team work has more advantage than going solo. I got irritated and presented my worries to the manager. He said "I have 20 years experience in IT industry and from my experience solo programming worked always better than a team". I am surprised ! I argued to my best to prove he is wrong, but I couldn't prove my point as I am not much experienced like him. I just want to get your opinions on this ? Do you believe solo programming is better than a team work ?

                                R Offline
                                R Offline
                                Richard Jones
                                wrote on last edited by
                                #18

                                Are they planning on you not getting sick or taking vacation during the project? What if you leave, who knows what you've done? With 2 or more, work still gets done, and knowledge gets passed around. Here, I work solo, and I wish I could discuss problems with someone. :sigh:

                                "Neque porro quisquam est qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci velit..." "There is no one who loves pain itself, who seeks after it and wants to have it, simply because it is pain..."

                                C 1 Reply Last reply
                                0
                                • C Christian Flutcher

                                  The company which I am working believes in solo programming and not in team works. Each programmer will be assigned to a project and he/she has to do it alone. This is something new to me as my last company works with teams and I believe team work has more advantage than going solo. I got irritated and presented my worries to the manager. He said "I have 20 years experience in IT industry and from my experience solo programming worked always better than a team". I am surprised ! I argued to my best to prove he is wrong, but I couldn't prove my point as I am not much experienced like him. I just want to get your opinions on this ? Do you believe solo programming is better than a team work ?

                                  M Offline
                                  M Offline
                                  Marc Clifton
                                  wrote on last edited by
                                  #19

                                  Experience doesn't mean right. I learn that every day, it seems (me being the "experienced" one, hahaha).

                                  ForumExpertOnLine wrote:

                                  Do you believe solo programming is better than a team work ?

                                  I would say your manager doesn't know how to really manage. Sounds like he's uncomfortable managing a team. Sounds like there's a lot of inefficiency, probably people writing the same or similar routines. Also, it sounds like maintenance would be difficult, because working solo, everyone has their own coding styles, etc. I suppose he doesn't support code reviews either? All in all, if you've got a group of programmers, they should be interacting and working on being efficient to save themselves time and the company $$$. Solo programming might be ok in this environment if your manager supports interaction, code reviews, a common code library, consistency in style, and so forth. Does he? Marc

                                  Thyme In The Country Interacx My Blog

                                  C M 2 Replies Last reply
                                  0
                                  • R Richard Jones

                                    Are they planning on you not getting sick or taking vacation during the project? What if you leave, who knows what you've done? With 2 or more, work still gets done, and knowledge gets passed around. Here, I work solo, and I wish I could discuss problems with someone. :sigh:

                                    "Neque porro quisquam est qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci velit..." "There is no one who loves pain itself, who seeks after it and wants to have it, simply because it is pain..."

                                    C Offline
                                    C Offline
                                    Christian Flutcher
                                    wrote on last edited by
                                    #20

                                    Richard Jones wrote:

                                    Are they planning on you not getting sick or taking vacation during the project?

                                    I will get vacations, no problem for that. But project will be on hold at that time. Yes it's waste of time for the client.

                                    Richard Jones wrote:

                                    What if you leave, who knows what you've done?

                                    This is a big issue. I have some documents which explains the program flow. I have created API documentation too which explains the meaning of each classes. I am a TDD fan, so used concepts like MVP, Dependency Injection etc in this project. Most of the guys work here are big zero in all these, so they will find difficulty to understand it when I leave the company. I could learn many things and implement it without waiting for someones permission, this is the only advantage I see with solo programming.

                                    Richard Jones wrote:

                                    Here, I work solo, and I wish I could discuss problems with someone

                                    OMG, I am getting lot of unexpected answers. When I started the discussion, I thought I am the only one who works solo. But I was wrong, many guys replied to me are working as solo!

                                    1 Reply Last reply
                                    0
                                    • P peterchen

                                      Really depends on the project. In my jaded experience: If a project is small enough that it can be run by a single coder, he is usually much more efficient than in a team - especially if he's a very-good-but-not-great coder. One could blame it on communicaiton overhead, but there's probably more. Knowing every corner of the project helps a lot in deciding which shortcut is ok and which one is not. Of course, with a certain size he needs to take others on board. But two guys are more efficient as one usually only when they worked very well together on the same project. New guy = slowdown. Additionally, many developers start with no team experience that makes a huge difference. So, while his attitude is certainly raising an eyebrow, he might have a point there.

                                      We are a big screwed up dysfunctional psychotic happy family - some more screwed up, others more happy, but everybody's psychotic joint venture definition of CP
                                      blog: TDD - the Aha! | Linkify!| FoldWithUs! | sighist

                                      C Offline
                                      C Offline
                                      Christian Flutcher
                                      wrote on last edited by
                                      #21

                                      peterchen wrote:

                                      Knowing every corner of the project helps a lot in deciding which shortcut is ok and which one is not.

                                      I agree 100%. But think about a big project in which I was working since 1 year! It will be tough to remember each and every corner of it. And I don't have anyone around here who knows this project. So to know what happens in one corner, I need to look at the code and test cases written by me. It's a time wastage, isn't it ?

                                      1 Reply Last reply
                                      0
                                      • M Marc Clifton

                                        Experience doesn't mean right. I learn that every day, it seems (me being the "experienced" one, hahaha).

                                        ForumExpertOnLine wrote:

                                        Do you believe solo programming is better than a team work ?

                                        I would say your manager doesn't know how to really manage. Sounds like he's uncomfortable managing a team. Sounds like there's a lot of inefficiency, probably people writing the same or similar routines. Also, it sounds like maintenance would be difficult, because working solo, everyone has their own coding styles, etc. I suppose he doesn't support code reviews either? All in all, if you've got a group of programmers, they should be interacting and working on being efficient to save themselves time and the company $$$. Solo programming might be ok in this environment if your manager supports interaction, code reviews, a common code library, consistency in style, and so forth. Does he? Marc

                                        Thyme In The Country Interacx My Blog

                                        C Offline
                                        C Offline
                                        Christian Flutcher
                                        wrote on last edited by
                                        #22

                                        Good thoughts marc.

                                        Marc Clifton wrote:

                                        Sounds like he's uncomfortable managing a team

                                        I also believe so.

                                        Marc Clifton wrote:

                                        Also, it sounds like maintenance would be difficult, because working solo, everyone has their own coding styles, etc. I suppose he doesn't support code reviews either?

                                        He does code reviews. But as I said earlier, I am a TDD enthusiast and I follow most of the patterns which fit the scenario. So a person who haven't even heard about such a method will get confused and won't understand anything. So usually he never looks into my code.

                                        Marc Clifton wrote:

                                        a common code library, consistency in style

                                        No. There is nothing like this. Each programmer follow their own styles.

                                        1 Reply Last reply
                                        0
                                        • C Christian Flutcher

                                          The company which I am working believes in solo programming and not in team works. Each programmer will be assigned to a project and he/she has to do it alone. This is something new to me as my last company works with teams and I believe team work has more advantage than going solo. I got irritated and presented my worries to the manager. He said "I have 20 years experience in IT industry and from my experience solo programming worked always better than a team". I am surprised ! I argued to my best to prove he is wrong, but I couldn't prove my point as I am not much experienced like him. I just want to get your opinions on this ? Do you believe solo programming is better than a team work ?

                                          J Offline
                                          J Offline
                                          Joe Q
                                          wrote on last edited by
                                          #23

                                          I get a lot more done solo, but knowing who I can talk to if I need help. I am very introverted and so every interruption breaks my train of thought and sets me back. But then again, my boss knows if there is a problem no one else can fix, I can do it over a weekend with no one else around.

                                          Joe V My Blog on Testing Me, Myself, and I

                                          1 Reply Last reply
                                          0
                                          Reply
                                          • Reply as topic
                                          Log in to reply
                                          • Oldest to Newest
                                          • Newest to Oldest
                                          • Most Votes


                                          • Login

                                          • Don't have an account? Register

                                          • Login or register to search.
                                          • First post
                                            Last post
                                          0
                                          • Categories
                                          • Recent
                                          • Tags
                                          • Popular
                                          • World
                                          • Users
                                          • Groups