It's not quite clear from your question what your primary motive is for learning new languages. From your post in general and the statement:
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Recently I started considering branching out. I figured I could take what I know about programming in a MS spreadsheet world and leverage that to Google Drive and OpenOffice, mainly to start learning more mainstream languages, e.g. Python and Javascript.
I get the idea that you might be driven primarily be a desire to advance your career. The desire to learn mainstream languages seems to be geared towards making yourself more appealing to employers. However, from statements like:
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Of course, I am interested in your opinions as to which language(s) to go after to build more knowledge and understanding, whether you think this is a fool's errand, etc etc.
I get the sense that maybe you are interested in learning more for its own sake. That is to say you find computer programming interesting and you want to understand it at a deeper and more fundamental level. Of course, these two things are not mutually exclusive and with many things the truth may be a combination of both. However, it is probably still a worthwhile question to ask yourself if your goal is to go fast or to go far. In either case the question of which language to learn may not be the best one. If you are hungry for career advancement the first question you have to answer is, how will I demonstrate or provide proof of my new skills? You can spend every free minute you have over the next year studying and practicing a language like Java to the point that you become fairly proficient. However, if you send out a cold resume to someone and simply claim, "I know Java", the chance of getting an interview is slim. There are ways with varying degrees of effectiveness to try and solve the how to get a job without experience and how to get experience without a job conundrum. It might be solvable by networking. If you know someone or someone who knows someone who will give merit to your claim that you know a language then this might not be a problem. You could also look to publish some of your personal projects or contribute to open source software. You could also take a course from a reputable institution. There is even some evidence that a few progressive companies are giving some small weight to MOOC course completion. However, if you like your current employer and the pos