Looks like an old codebase using PHP and jQuery. Just FYI, rather than dump all your code, perhaps start with just the relevant bits? It shows us you put some effort into this. Anywho, that JSON object will only have a string in it. If that string is a path to an image, you'll have to output that path in its src attribute, similar to the way you're building out that table.
const output = `[image: $%7Bobject.path%7D]`;
element.innerHTML += output;
Note: There are better ways to go about this, but I'll save that for a different day.
Jeremy Falcon